Phase-Shifter-Less Beam Scanning of a Receive Array Using Spatial LO Distribution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new scheme for phase-shifter-less beam scanning is proposed, which is based on spatial distribution of local oscillator (LO) signal among a number of heterodyne receivers. Each receiver connected to an element of the phased array receives not only the RF signal but also the LO signal. The required inter-element phase shift is acquired by different path lengths from the antenna radiating the LO signal to the array elements. The low-noise amplifier (LNA) following each array element amplifies both the RF and LO signals. Since the LO signal is of a relatively higher power level, the LNA nonlinearity is employed intentionally to mix the RF and LO signals. The generated IF signal at the output corresponds to a directive receive pattern at the RF frequency whose main lobe can be scanned by varying the position of the LO feed antenna. This paper demonstrates the configuration in which the scan range of the main lobe can be as wide as 106 degrees while maintaining a constant maximum gain with less than 10% variation. Over this scan range, the characteristics of the array receive pattern are not affected for RF received power levels exceeding −100 dBm.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".