Distribution of Uridine Diphosphate-Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) Expression and Activity in Cynomolgus Monkey Tissues: Evidence for Differential Expression of Steroid-Conjugating UGT Enzymes in Steroid Target Tissues*
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Based on the similarity of pathways and enzymes involved in steroid metabolism, simians represent a relevant animal model to study steroid elimination by glucuronidation. In this study the tissue distribution of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) transcripts, proteins, and enzymatic activities were examined in 24 different cynomolgus monkey tissues. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis on total RNA and microsomal proteins demonstrated the presence of UGT1A and UGT2B transcripts and proteins in a wide range of tissues including steroid target tissues. Glucuronidation activity on eugenol, 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, androsterone, and 4-hydroxyestradiol was measured using tissue homogenates and radiolabeled [14C]UDP-glucuronic acid. All tissues contained conjugation activity on these substrates, but glucuronidation rates were significantly lower in steroid target tissues than in liver, kidney, or gut. However, the ratio of steroid glucuronidation vs. eugenol glucuronidation was higher in steroid target tissues, suggesting a differential expression of steroid-conjugating enzymes in these tissues. Taken together, these results clearly demonstrate the presence of steroid glucuronidation enzymes in extrahepatic steroid target tissues and support the hypothesis that steroid glucuronidation is an important intracrine pathway involved in termination of steroid signaling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".