Sub-millimetre properties of massive star-forming galaxies at <i>z</i> ~ 2 in SHADES/SXDF
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We study the submillimetre (submm) properties of the following near-infrared (NIR)-selected massive galaxies at high redshifts: BzK -selected star-forming galaxies ( BzK s), distant red galaxies (DRGs) and extremely red objects (EROs). We used the SCUBA HAlf Degree Extragalactic Survey (SHADES), the largest uniform submm survey to date. Since BzK s are expected to include obscured star-forming galaxies at 1.4 < z < 2.5, it is possible that the submm galaxies are a sub-group of BzK s. We identified 4 BzK s as submm galaxies within 93 arcmin 2 by using high resolution radio images. This indicates that only ~20% of submm galaxies are BzK s. However, this fraction is consistent with the assumption that the most of submm galaxies at 1.4 < z < 2.5 are BzK s, considering the redshift distribution, radio-detection rate and observed K -band magnitudes of submm galaxies. We found no submm detections for EROs which are clearly non- BzK s. We identify two submm-bright NIR-selected galaxies, which satisfy all the selection criteria we adopt; i.e. they belong to the BzK -DRG-ERO overlapping population, or ‘extremely red’ BzK s. Although these extremely red BzK s are rare (0.25 arcmin −2 ), about 10% of this population could be submm galaxies. With a stacking analysis, we detected the 850-μm flux of submm-faint BzK s and EROs in our SCUBA maps. While the contribution from BzK s at z ~ 2 to submm background is about 10–15% and similar to that from EROs typically at z ~ 1, BzK s have a higher fraction (~30%) of submm flux in resolved sources than EROs and submm sources as a whole do. Therefore, submm flux of BzK s seems to be biased high. From the SED fitting using an evolutionary model of starbursts with radiative transfer, submm-bright BzK s are found to have the stellar mass of >5 × 10 10 M ⊙ with the luminosity of >3 × 10 12 L ⊙ . From an average SED of submm-faint BzK s having similar B − z and z − K colours to submm-bright ones, we suggest that submm-bright BzK s are more massive than submm-faint ones.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".