Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Calf
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To compare diffusion tensor-magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) of human calf muscles at 1.5 T and 3.0 T, and to measure a number of quantitative parameters to characterize diffusion anisotropy in organized muscle tissue using similar imaging parameters. METHODS AND MATERIALS: After Institutional Review Board approval and informed consent, five healthy volunteers were studied. Imaging was performed on both 1.5 T and 3.0 T MR systems using the similar imaging protocol. Diffusion-sensitized single-shot spin-echo echo planar imaging pulse sequences were used to collect 2-dimensional images through the calf. Imaging was performed using b-values of 0, 300, 500, and 700 s/mm. Image analyses and tensor calculations were performed offline using DT imaging studio (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD). The eigenvalues (lambda1, lambda2, lambda3), trace of the diffusion tensor (TrD), fractional anisotropy, relative anisotropy, and volume ratio were calculated in 3 different calf muscles (medial and lateral gastrocnemius and soleus). Signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) were compared for both field strengths (1.5 T and 3.0 T), the different muscles and all b-values. A regression analysis was performed to look at within-subject effects (linear mixed effect model). RESULTS: No significant differences were found between all quantitative measured DT-MRI parameters, b-values, and muscle groups at 3.0 T and 1.5 T (P = 0.105; P = 0.719). The mean of SNR on the 2 different field strengths (3.0:1.5 T) was 1.64, which was significantly different (P < 0.0001). Significant differences in SNR in all 3 muscles were found between sequences using b = 300 s/mm and 700 s/mm (P < 0.001; P = 0.006) and between sequences using b = 300 s/mm and 500 s/mm (P < 0.001; P = 0.03), and 500 s/mm and 700 s/mm (P = 0.005; P = 0.03), respectively, for medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscle. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates useful parameters to perform DT-MRI at 1.5 T and 3.0 T. DT-MRI at 1.5 T and 3.0 T provide in vivo validation of quantitative structural analysis of human skeleletal muscle.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it