Turnover and fractionation of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in tissues of a migratory coastal predator, summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Migratory and mobile fishes such as summer flounder ( Paralichthys dentatus ) often utilize dietary resources with stable isotope signatures that vary over time and space, potentially confounding diet analyses if tissues with slow turnover are sampled before reaching isotopic equilibrium. A laboratory diet-shift study was conducted using juvenile and young adult summer flounder to (i) determine isotopic turnover rates and fractionations of δ13C and δ15N in liver, whole blood, and white muscle and (ii) estimate the relative importance of growth and metabolic processes on isotopic turnover. Isotopic turnover rates were consistently ranked liver > blood > muscle owing to increased metabolic activities of liver and blood. Carbon and nitrogen half-lives ranged from 10 to 20 days (liver), 22 to 44 days (blood), and 49 to 107 days (muscle), indicating that liver and blood are more useful than muscle as shorter-term dietary indicators for summer flounder and other migratory fishes. Growth-based fractionation estimates of wild flounder tissues ranged from 0.71‰ to 3.27‰ for carbon and from 2.28‰ to 2.80‰ for nitrogen and included the first explicit estimates for isotopic fractionation in fish blood. A generalized model for predicting the time scale of isotopic turnover from growth-based turnover parameters was also developed to help evaluate isotopic equilibrium assumptions of fishes in the field.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".