European Emergence of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i> Clonal Groups O25:H4-ST 131 and O15:K52:H1 Causing Community-Acquired Uncomplicated Cystitis
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A total of 148 E. coli strains displaying reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MIC > or = 2 microg/ml) and causing uncomplicated urinary tract infections in eight European countries during 2003 to 2006 were studied. Their phylogenetic groups, biochemical profiles, and antibiotic susceptibilities were determined. Determination of the O:H serotype, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR, and multilocus sequence typing provided additional discrimination. The majority (82.4%) of the microorganisms (122/148) carried resistance to two or more additional drugs, with the pattern ciprofloxacin-trimethoprim-sufamethoxazole-tetracycline-ampicillin being the most represented (73 strains out of 148; 49.3%). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production was detected in 12/148 strains (8.1%), with CTX-M-15 being the most-common enzyme. Six strains out of the whole collection studied (4.0%) contained a qnrB-like gene. Overall, 55 different PFGE or RAPD PCR profiles could be distinguished, indicating a substantial heterogeneity. However, about one-third (51/148) of the strains belonged to two clonal groups: O15:K52:H1 (phylogenetic group B2, lactose-nonfermenting variant, ciprofloxacin MIC of 16 microg/ml) and O25:H4 sequence type 131 (ST-131) (phylogenetic group D, ciprofloxacin MIC of > or = 32 microg/ml). With the exception of Poland, strains of these two groups were isolated in samples from all participating countries but more frequently in samples from Spain and Italy. In some representative strains of the two main clonal groups, alterations in GyrA and ParC were the basic mechanism of fluoroquinolone resistance. In some members of the O25:H4 ST-131 group, displaying a ciprofloxacin MIC of > 32 microg/ml, additional OmpF loss or pump efflux overexpression was found. In the Mediterranean area, strains belonging to these two clonal groups played a major role in determining the high rate of fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli strains observed in the community.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it