Reversing Agents for ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporters: Application in Modulating Multidrug Resistance (MDR)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
One of the main reasons for the failure in cancer chemotherapy is the existence of multidrug resistance (MDR) mechanisms. One form of MDR phenotype is contributed by a group of plasma membrane proteins that belong to a large superfamily of proteins called the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. There has been intense search for compounds, which can act at reversing MDR phenotype exhibited by ABC transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug-resistance protein (MRP) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Reversing agents can be designed to target MDR-associated ABC transporters at three levels - the protein, mRNA or DNA level. This review aims at describing, over-viewing and discussing currently known MDR reversing agents, which have been shown to act at either of the three levels against ABC transporters. Other potential agents and strategies, which can be used to reverse the MDR phenotype, are also discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".