Self-Aggregation of a Cationic−Nonionic Surfactant Mixture in Aqueous Media: Tensiometric, Conductometric, Density, Light Scattering, Potentiometric, and Fluorometric Studies
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Self-aggregation of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB, [CH 3 (CH 2 ) 13 N + (CH 3 ) 3 Br - ]) and polyoxyethylene 23 lauryl ether (Brij-35, [CH 3 (CH 2 ) 11 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) 23 OH]) binary surfactant mixture in aqueous medium was studied using tensiometric, conductometric, density, quasielastic light scattering, potentiometric, and fluorometric measurements. The binary surfactant mixture was studied well above the Krafft temperature, which was evaluated by conductance measurements. Rubingh's nonideal solution theory predicted nonideal mixing and attractive interaction between the constituent surfactants in the mixed micelle. Moreover, attractive interaction between the two surfactants in the mixed micelle is explained by assuming that water acts as a bridge between the hydrophilic polar groups of the surfactant molecules. The chain-chain interaction among the surfactant does not seem to be high in this case. The partial specific volume of pure as well as binary surfactant mixtures was also evaluated, and it was inferred that the mixed micelles are more hydrated compared to individual components. The excess Gibbs free energy of mixing was evaluated, and it indicated relatively more stable mixed micelles for this binary combination. Surface tension measurements indicate an existence of a second state of aggregation for the mixed surfactant system, which is supported by the break in conductance−concentration of surfactant profile. The Krafft temperature of TTAB decreases as the nonionic surfactant content increases in the mixed system. Quasielastic light scattering studies suggest an increase in the hydrodynamic radius of the micelle in the mixed surfactant system.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it