Combined effects of tectonics and glacial isostatic adjustment on intraplate deformation in central and northern Europe: Applications to geodetic baseline analyses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We use a suite of spherical, thin sheet, finite element model calculations to investigate the pattern of horizontal tectonic deformation within Europe. The calculations incorporate the effects of Africa‐Eurasia convergence, Atlantic Ridge push forces, and changes in the lithospheric strength of the East European and Mediterranean subdomains. These predictions are compared to the deformation computed for the same region using a spherically symmetric, self‐gravitating, viscoelastic Earth model of glacial isostatic adjustment. The radial viscosity profile and ice history input into the GIA model are taken from a model that “best fits” three‐dimensional crustal velocities estimated from the BIFROST Fennoscandian GPS network. The comparison of the tectonic and GIA signals includes predictions of both crustal velocity maps and baseline length changes associated with sites within the permanent ITRF2000 and BIFROST GPS networks. Our baseline analysis includes reference sites in northern and central Europe that are representative of sites at the center, edge, and periphery of the GIA‐induced deformation. Baseline length change predictions associated with all three reference sites are significantly impacted by both tectonic and GIA effects, albeit with distinct geometric sensitivities. In this regard, several of our tectonic models yield baseline rates from Vaas, Onsala, and Potsdam to sites below 55°N which are consistent with observed trends. We find that a best fit to the ITRF2000 data set is obtained by simultaneously considering the effects of GIA plus tectonics, where the latter is modeled with a relatively weak Mediterranean subdomain. In this case, the tectonic model contributes to the observed shortening between Onsala/Potsdam and sites to the south, without corrupting the extension observed for baselines extending from these reference sites and sites to the north; this extension is well reconciled by the GIA process alone.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".