Maternal effects on offspring growth rate and weaning mass in harbour seals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We studied maternal effects on offspring traits during lactation in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, from 1988 to 1996. Duration of lactation was correlated with rate of pup mass gain (r = %#150;0.34, n = 116) and weaning mass (r = 0.29, n = 154). Pups that grew faster had shorter nursing periods, whereas those that attained higher weaning masses nursed for a greater number of days. Pup sex did not affect patterns of maternal effects. The pups of young females (4%#150;6 years old) gained mass at a constant but lower rate (0.56 kg/d) than the pups of older females through midlactation (0.74%#150;0.78 kg/d; n = 75). In older females, rates of pup mass gain decelerated between mid and late lactation. Although maternal age did not directly affect weaning mass of pups, path analysis showed that maternal age acted on weaning mass through intermediary traits. Lighter females gave birth to smaller and slower growing pups, but invested relatively more than heavier females (n = 153). Effects of maternal postpartum mass on weaning mass (n = 100) were weaker in harbour seals than in phocids that fast during lactation, but apparently stronger than in otariids that forage during lactation, suggesting that the strength of maternal effects is influenced by lactation strategy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".