Ceramic Balls Machining by Centerless Grinding Using a Surface Grinder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper proposes a novel method for machining ceramic balls by centerless grinding technique performed on a surface grinder. In this method, a compact unit consisting mainly of an ultrasonic shoe, an ultrasonic regulator, a relay controller, a blade, a stopper and their respective holders is installed on the worktable of a surface grinder to conduct centerless grinding operations of ceramic balls. The ultrasonic shoe and regulator are produced by bonding a piezoelectric ceramic device (PZT) onto a metal elastic body, and when two phases of AC voltage are applied to the PZT an elliptic motion occurs on their end-faces which can be used to control the ball rotational motion in the radial and axial direction of the wheel, respectively. The function of the relay controller is to regulate the alternating current “on” and “off” time which is applied on the regulator for achieving the whole spherical surface grinding process. A grinding unit was actually constructed and it was experimentally confirmed that the ball rotational speed can be controlled well by the shoe or regulator. Grinding tests were subsequently carried out and the obtained results indicated that the constructed grinding unit performed well on actual ball centerless grinding operations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".