Central Nervous System Blockade by Peripheral Administration of AT1 Receptor Blockers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
After peripheral administration, AT(1) receptor blockers appear to be able to enter the brain and cause AT(1) receptor blockade in the central nervous system. In the current study, we investigated the effects of subcutaneous administration of embusartan versus losartan on inhibition of AT(1) receptor binding in rat brain by in vitro autoradiography. At 4 hours after single doses of 5, 30, or 100 mg/kg, both losartan and embusartan decreased iodine 125I Ang II binding dose dependently in brain structures that express AT(1) receptors both outside (e.g., organum vasculosum laminae terminalis) and within (e.g., paraventricular nucleus) the blood-brain barrier. At low doses, embusartan was twofold more potent than losartan inside but not outside the blood-brain barrier. After chronic treatment (30 mg/kg daily for 6 days), at 4 hours after the last dose, embusartan still caused more inhibition than losartan in the brain structures inside the blood-brain barrier. At 24 hours after the last dose, a modest, better inhibition for embusartan versus losartan remained: from 15% to 33% versus 10% to 24%, respectively. At 36 hours after the last dose, the inhibition for both blockers had almost completely disappeared inside the blood-brain barrier but persisted in, for example, the kidneys. These results demonstrate that-likely because of its high lipophilic character-embusartan appears to penetrate the blood-brain barrier more easily than losartan and therefore causes more effective AT(1) receptor blockade in nuclei within the blood-brain barrier.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".