A review on sources of brominated flame retardants and routes of human exposure with emphasis on polybrominated diphenyl ethers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The presence of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in various environmental matrices, including humans, has been well documented. Increasing levels of these emerging contaminants in various environmental compartments suggest the wide application of these chemicals in products of everyday use. The release of BFRs from treated products is generally believed to be the major source of these contaminants into the environment, particularly in indoor environments. The sources and pathways through which BFRs enter the human system are evaluated in this paper. Human exposure via consumption of contaminated food and water, inhalation and ingestion of dust, as well as dermal absorption, are important pathways for these contaminants. Consumption of fatty foods especially fish, meat, dairy products as well as human milk constitute important routes for human exposure to these contaminants. Although brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) 209 has been found to be less bioaccumulative due to its high molecular weight, its dominance in indoor dust samples could be responsible for its detection in most human tissues investigated. BDE 47 is the most dominant polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener found in human tissues. Regional differences in BFR levels in various environmental and biological matrices reflect their consumption patterns with higher levels mostly reported in the North American environments than in other regions of the world.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".