Lung Injury in Preterm Neonates: The Role and Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Continuous improvements in perinatal care have allowed the survival of ever more premature infants, making the task of protecting the extremely immature lung from injury increasingly challenging. Premature infants at risk of developing chronic lung disease or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are now born at the late canalicular stage of lung development, just when the airways become juxtaposed to the lung vasculature and when gas-exchange becomes possible. Readily available strategies, including improved antenatal management (education, regionalization, steroids, and antibiotics), together with exogenous surfactant and exclusive/early noninvasive ventilatory support, will likely decrease the incidence/severity of BPD over the next few years. Nonetheless, because of the extreme immaturity of the developing lung, the extent to which disruption of lung growth after prematurity and neonatal management lead to an earlier or more aggravated decline in respiratory function in later life is a matter of concern. Consequently, much more needs to be learned about the mechanisms of lung development, injury, and repair. Recent insight into stem cell biology has sparked interest for stem cells to repair damaged organs. This review summarizes the exciting potential of stem cell-based therapies for lung diseases in general and BPD in particular. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 17, 1013–1040. I. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Chronic Lung Disease for a Life Time? II. Pathophysiology of Lung Injury in Preterm Neonates A. Stages of lung organogenesis B. BPD: the impact of injury in an immature lung C. The multifactorial pathogenesis of BPD 1. Defective elastogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling 2. Altered alveolar epithelial–mesenchymal interactions 3. Impaired development of lung microvasculature D. Oxidative stress: a distinct contributor to BPD evolution III. Stem Cells: Concepts and Applications A. Developmental potency of stem cells B. Classical versus nonclassical stem cell hierarchies C. Regulation of stem cell function D. Concept of stem cell replacement IV. Lung Stem Cells A. Lung epithelial stem/progenitor cells 1. Progenitor cells of the alveolar epithelium B. Lung mesenchymal progenitors V. Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cells to Prevent/Repair Lung Damage A. Mesenchymal stem cells B. Endothelial progenitor cells C. Embryonic stem cells D. Endogenous lung progenitors E. Paracrine effect of stem cells VI. BPD and Stem Cells A. Fate of stem/progenitor cells in BPD B. Cell therapy approaches for BPD 1. Mesenchymal stem cells 2. Human amniotic fluid stem cells 3. Endothelial progenitor cells 4. Human amnion epithelial cells VII. Summary and Remaining Challenges VIII. Conclusion
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".