Substorm expansion triggered by a sudden impulse front propagating from the dayside magnetopause
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examine a substorm expansion on 21 June 2007, which occurred <2 min after a solar wind discontinuity accompanied by a dynamic pressure ( P d ) increase impinged on the magnetopause. To investigate how the perturbation due to such P d increase propagates in the magnetosphere and what the timing analysis may imply about how this type of substorms is triggered, we utilize a large number of in situ magnetic field and plasma observations, a remote sensing of auroral brightening, and ground‐based magnetic field observations. The timing analysis shows that the front of a compression‐associated sudden impulse can reach the substorm expansion onset site (dawnside near‐Earth plasma sheet) at the substorm onset time. The onset site and time are determined from aurora images displaying aurora expansion, energetic electron data at geosynchronous orbit showing dispersed injection, and geomagnetic field data at high latitudes showing negative bays in the H component. Our 2‐D calculations of the fast‐mode propagation also demonstrate the arrival of the wavefront at the onset site and time. We suggest that for the class of substorms triggered by solar wind P d increases, the triggering could occur within as short as 2 min after a P d increase impinges on the magnetopause, consistent with the time needed for the sudden impulse wavefront to propagate inside the magnetosphere from the dayside magnetopause to the magnetotail.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".