Electrochemical and Neutron Reflectivity Studies of Spontaneously Formed Amphiphilic Surfactant Bilayers at the Gold−Solution Interface
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have employed electrochemical and neutron reflectivity measurements to study the transfer of 4-pentadecyl-pyridine (C15−4Py), an insoluble amphiphilic surfactant, from the gas−solution (G−S) interface to the metal−solution (M−S) interface of a Au(111) electrode. Neutron reflectivity experiments have demonstrated that C15−4Py forms a bilayer at the Au(111) electrode surface. Electrochemical experiments demonstrated that this bilayer is formed spontaneously when the electrode surface is brought in contact with the film-covered G−S interface. The surfactant molecules can move from the G−S to the M−S interface across the triple-phase boundary formed where the metal, solution, and gas phases are in contact. Time-dependence experiments have shown that the spreading process is irreversible. Having formed a bilayer or monolayer at the M−S interface, the C15−4Py surfactant molecules do not move back to a film-free G−S interface. Three models were used to analyze the kinetics of spreading. Our results are best explained assuming that the spreading is a first-order surface reaction controlled by the activation barrier that the surfactant molecules have to overcome when crossing the triple-phase line.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it