Electrochemical and Neutron Reflectivity Studies of Spontaneously Formed Amphiphilic Surfactant Bilayers at the Gold−Solution Interface
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have employed electrochemical and neutron reflectivity measurements to study the transfer of 4-pentadecyl-pyridine (C15−4Py), an insoluble amphiphilic surfactant, from the gas−solution (G−S) interface to the metal−solution (M−S) interface of a Au(111) electrode. Neutron reflectivity experiments have demonstrated that C15−4Py forms a bilayer at the Au(111) electrode surface. Electrochemical experiments demonstrated that this bilayer is formed spontaneously when the electrode surface is brought in contact with the film-covered G−S interface. The surfactant molecules can move from the G−S to the M−S interface across the triple-phase boundary formed where the metal, solution, and gas phases are in contact. Time-dependence experiments have shown that the spreading process is irreversible. Having formed a bilayer or monolayer at the M−S interface, the C15−4Py surfactant molecules do not move back to a film-free G−S interface. Three models were used to analyze the kinetics of spreading. Our results are best explained assuming that the spreading is a first-order surface reaction controlled by the activation barrier that the surfactant molecules have to overcome when crossing the triple-phase line.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".