Fracturing Water-Sensitive Tuffaceous Reservoirs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We present successful hydraulic fracture treatment practices in water sensitive tuffaceous reservoirs in Hailar Basin, China. The reservoirs are of too low permeability to be placed onto production without massive hydraulic fracture treatments. The article describes the geological engineering framework, mineralogy investigation, hydrolytic weakening experiments, as well as application and results of new kinds of fracturing fluids. Rock mineralogy investigations indicated that rocks in the reservoir have a strong water sensitive property and a strong component of plastic behavior. Some tuffaceous rocks are rich in alkali minerals and become soft when exposed to aqueous fracture fluids. Although the fracture opening mechanism is the same as for normal sandstone, fracture extension is relatively suppressed and the fracture width is different from elastic predictions for normal sandstone. The analysis led to the changes in treatment stratages. The key difference from previous treatment is that clay content and concentration of different minerals were taken into consideration of fracture fluid design. Different kinds of emulsified fracturing fluid were designed used to mitigate swelling and hydrolytic weakening effects. By the end of 2005, 163 intervals in 66 wells have been treated using these new kinds of fracturing fluids, with a success rate of 97%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".