Smoking/Nicotine Affects the Magnitude and Onset of Lateralized Readiness Potentials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AbstractSmoking/nicotine improves cognitive performance for a variety of tasks. In most cases, reaction time (RT) is generally shorter after smoking/nicotine. While there may be some slight facilitation of stimulus-evaluation processing, most of the RT effects of nicotine appear to take place following the response-selection stage. This study investigated possible effects (in smokers) of smoking/nicotine on response preparation and execution processes using the lateralized readiness potential (LRP). On each trial, a warning stimulus preceded an imperative stimulus by 1.2s. The warning stimulus completely specified the correct response to the imperative stimulus. The study was completed in two morning sessions in which 4 cigarettes were smoked in each session. The nicotine yield of the cigarettes varied between sessions (0.05mg or 1.1mg). Maximum amplitudes of both the stimulus and response-locked LRPs were larger in the 1.1 mg session. For both stimulus- and response-locked LRPs, smoking the 1.1 mg cigarette (but not the 0.05 mg cigarette) shortened onset latency. However, the magnitude of the effect was much larger for the stimulus-locked LRPs, suggesting that response preparation is facilitated by smoking/nicotine to a greater degree than response execution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".