Biphasic DC shock as a first-line therapy in recent-onset stable atrial fibrillation in the emergency department
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To evaluate the efficacy of early electric cardioversion (EC) with a biphasic defibrillator and the impact on atrial function in recent-onset atrial fibrillation (AF). The study population consisted of 21 consecutive patients (mean age 58 years; range 35–76 years) with AF lasting from less than 48 hours. Hemodynamically stable AF was treated via DC shock if sinus rhythm (SR) was not restored in 6 hours after i.v. antiarrhythmic drug therapy. All patients were pretreated with heparin 5,000 U i.v. The defibrillator used was the Heartstart MRX using a biphasic waveform and low energy (70–120 J). A trans-thoracic echo was performed pre-EC and 1 hour post-EC. All patients were sedated with midazolam ( in vivo titolation). Atrial function (ejection fraction, surface area, A wave) and ventricular function (ejection fraction) were evaluated. The patients returned to the emergency department after 7 days for follow-up. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (Table 1 ). DC shock was successful for all patients (100%) and in 19/21(90.4%) at first shock. There was a significant increase in atrial function with the reappearance of the A wave. There were no thromboembolic complications. After 7 days, results showed that 19/21 (90.4%) patients were in SR. Early electric cardioversion in the emergency department setting is a simple technique that allows the restoration of SR without complications. The biphasic waveform uses lower energy with a positive impact on atrial function. Higher energy can cause transient tissue damage due to electroporation that can affect the outcome of defibrillation therapy being both pro-arrhythmic and anti-arrhythmic. The recovery of atrial function is also due to the short duration of arrhythmia. The early cardioversion avoids atrial remodelling and allows a longer duration of SR.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".