Naltrexone may block euphoria-like placebo effect
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Naltrexone is a first-line treatment for alcohol use disorders in North America and Europe. It was prescribed to a 63-year-old patient in order to help control amounts of alcohol consumed per drinking occasion. The patient experienced a paradoxical, but consistent side effect of feeling inebriated each time he took naltrexone. In order to investigate this phenomenon we administered naltrexone and a placebo in a randomised double-blind fashion. The patient exhibited a 'high-like' response to all placebo capsules and a decrease in the subjectively perceived euphoria shortly after ingestion of naltrexone. Given that this placebo effect could be mediated via opioid receptors we suggest that this case illustrates the ability of naltrexone to eliminate the placebo effect. This feature of naltrexone, upon further investigation, might be used in randomised clinical trials in addition to or as an alternative to a placebo.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".