Carbon Nanotube and Fullerene Emissions from Spark-Ignited Engines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Particles were collected from the exhaust of Indian autorickshaws with natural gas and gasoline-fueled spark-ignited engines. Transmission electron microscopy was used to determine the size and shape of 2121 systematically selected particles. Particles were largely soot agglomerates and other types documented in the literature, but approximately 10% of the nonvolatile particles were multiwalled carbon nanotubes and fullerenes, forms of crystalline carbon distinct from soot. Autorickshaw fullerenic particle number emissions can be above 1011 per kg of fuel consumed. The nanotubes identified from the exhaust of autorickshaws average 168 nm in length. This is shorter than those nanotubes of greatest health concern, but given the paucity of toxicological data on carbon nanotubes and fullerenes, the potential environmental abundance from engine sources warrants closer attention. In particular, a broader range of engine types should be considered. [Supplemental materials are available for this article. Please go to the publisher's online edition of Aerosol Science & Technology to view the online files.] Copyright 2012 American Association for Aerosol Research
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".