A new study on removal of cadmium by hybrid emulsion liquid membrane
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A new application of hybrid emulsion liquid membrane, in which an O/W emulsion phase is placed between two supporting membranes, is applied in the present research for removal of cadmium from aqueous phase. The new setting has advantages such as higher stability of the emulsion phase, lower pollution of feed and stripping phases due to contacting with the membrane phase and higher removal capacity. Trioctylamine has been used as a carrier in the organic phase of the emulsion, while the applied surfactant is nonyl phenol ethoxylate. The effect of different parameters is investigated, such as pHs of aqueous and dispersed phases, organic to aqueous volume ratio in the emulsion, carrier concentration, temperature, stirring intensity and cadmium concentration in the feed phase on the performance of the system. The appropriate values of pH for stripping phase and the emulsion's aqueous phase are found to be about 13 and 7, respectively. The optimum organic to aqueous phase volume ratio in emulsion is found to be about 1. The removal efficiency increases approximately twice when the emulsion is stirred more rigorously. Applying the new setup can enhance the removal capacity comparing to the ultimate capacity obtained from the hybrid liquid membrane system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".