Commitment of embryonic stem cells to an epidermal cell fate and differentiation in vitro
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The epidermis develops from a stem cell population in the surface ectoderm that feeds a single vertical terminal differentiation pathway. To date, however, the limited capacity for the isolation or purification of epidermal stem or precursor cells has hampered studies on early commitment and differentiation events. We have developed a two-step culture scheme in which pluripotent mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are induced first to a surface ectoderm phenotype and then are positively selected for putative epidermal stem cells. We show that the earliest stages of epidermal development follow an ordered sequence that is similar to that observed in vivo (expression of keratin 8, keratin 19, keratin 17, and keratin 14), suggesting that ES cell-derived surface ectoderm-like cells can be induced to follow the epidermal developmental pathway. At a low frequency, keratin 14-positive early epidermal cells progressed to keratin 1-positive and terminally differentiated cells producing a cornified envelope. This culturing protocol provides an invaluable system in which to study both the mechanisms that direct stem cells along the epidermal pathway as well as those that influence their subsequent epidermal differentiation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".