Nanobubble-assisted formation of carbon nanostructures on basal plane highly ordered pyrolytic graphite exposed to aqueous media
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ambient gas nanobubbles of size approximately 10(1)-10(2) nm occupying the hydrophobic surface of basal plane highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) immersed in aqueous media at room temperature cause exfoliation of the top graphene layers, as revealed by both in situ and ex situ atomic force microscope (AFM) imaging. The formation of nanoparticles composed mostly from graphene-based nanoscrolls, nanohorn-like and onion-like nanostructures was resolved by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and examined by diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The diameter of nanostructures varied from about 5 nm for single-layered scrolls to tens of nanometres for multishells. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the structural rearrangement of the HOPG basal plane after the above-mentioned treatment. The implications for nanobubble interfacial forces are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".