Antifungal Studies of Selected Essential Oils and a Commercial Formulation against Botrytis Cinerea
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Growing concerns about food safety and environmental protection have created a need for new and safe plant disease control strategies. The aim of this study was to find an alternative to synthetic fungicides currently used in the control of the devastating fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea Pers., the causal agent of grey mould disease of strawberry (Fragariaananassa Duch). The antifungal activity of the essential oils of Origanumvulgare L., Monardadidyma L. and of a commercial formulation of thyme oil (Gloves Off®) was investigated against B. cinerea and compared with controls. Contact phase effects of different concentrations of the essential oils and commercial formulation were found to inhibit the growth of B. cinerea in a dose dependent manner. Complete growth inhibition of the pathogen was recorded at 200 µg/ml of ‘Gloves Off®’. The mycelial growth of the pathogen was significantly reduced at the highest concentration of the essential oils of O. vulgare and M. didyma tested, which was 51.2 µg/ml. Spore germination and germ tube elongation were also inhibited by the essential oils and Gloves Off®. Light microscopic observations revealed that the essential oils caused morphological degenerations, such as cytoplasmic coagulation, hyphal shrivelling and protoplast leakage of the fungal hyphae. The essential oils of O. vulgare L. and M. didyma L. are promising, antifungal agents against B. cinereasimilar to the commercial formulation ‘Gloves Off®’.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".