A parametrization of solar energy disposition in the climate system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract During the past decade a class of climate models of reduced complexity, called Earth system Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs), has been developed. Some of these models employ an energy and moisture balance model (EMBM) as the atmospheric component. However, the solar energy disposition (SED) in the subcomponents of these climate models using an EMBM has never been parametrized in a systematic manner. In this paper, the SED, which is a measure of the amount of solar radiation absorbed in the atmosphere, absorbed at the surface and reflected to space, is first expressed as functions of the surface albedo and the integrated atmospheric reflectivity, transmissivity, absorptivity and cloud amount for a one‐layer atmosphere which includes a cloud region and aerosols. Then an atmospheric radiative‐convective model is used to parametrize the integrated atmospheric reflectivity and transmissivity in terms of cloud optical depth, aerosol optical depth, precipitable water, and solar zenith angle. Next, the presentday climatology of the SED is calculated using the climatological data (for cloud amount and optical depth, aerosol optical depth, precipitable water and surface albedo) from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP ), ECMWF 15‐year Reanalysis (ERA‐15) and the Pathfinder Atmosphere (PATMOS). Since cloud amount data are used from three independent sources, three SEDs are in fact calculated and tested against the SED derived from satellite data. The calculated SEDs are in good agreement with the SED derived from satellite data; thus the parametrized SED presented here is recommended for use in climate models which employ an EMBM or a one‐layer atmosphere model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".