Megakaryopoiesis and <i>ex vivo</i> differentiation of stem cells into megakaryocytes and platelets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Blood agencies worldwide face the same recurring problem of enrolling healthy donors to produce platelet concentrates ( PC ) to meet the fluctuating demand. Research in stem cell biology has now made possible the production of culture‐derived platelets ( CDP ) raising the possibility of producing donor‐independent platelets. The aim of this paper was to first review known key concepts about megakaryopoiesis and second to describe efforts done in our laboratory and that of others for the establishment of culture processes for the production of megakaryocytes and platelets from cord blood haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells ( HSPC ). Recent progresses made with induced pluripotent stem cells ( iPSC s) are also presented. Expansion of HSPC s and megakaryocytes can be accomplished by combining thrombopoietin ( TPO ) and a wide array of other cytokines. However, expansion of HSPC s ex vivo is associated with a rapid loss of megakaryocyte differentiation potential. Optimization of cytokine combinations and concentrations can improve yields and reduce consumption of growth factors. Moreover, the development of inducible megakaryocytic cell lines that can be triggered to undergo terminal megakaryocytic differentiation offers an independent solution to some of the problems associated with megakaryocyte production ex vivo . Functional characterization of platelets produced ex vivo has so far revealed that they form a heterogeneous population with some culture‐derived platelets (CDP) showing normal platelet properties and functions. In summary, functional CDP s can be produced in HSPC ‐ and iPSC ‐based cultures. Remaining challenges that need to be addressed before culture‐derived PC s can be used to complement blood‐derived PC s are also discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".