A twin study of the common vulnerability between heightened sensitivity to hypercapnia and panic disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For unknown reasons the inhalation of CO(2)-enriched air mixtures evokes acute panic-like symptoms in people with panic disorder and in their unaffected relatives. This study was set to determine whether, and to what extent, CO(2)-induced acute anxiety and panic disorder share the same genetic and environmental determinants. Cholesky structural equation models were used to decompose into genetic and environmental elements the correlation between self-assessed anxiety post-35%CO(2)-65%O(2) inhalation and interview-based DSM-IV lifetime diagnoses of panic disorder in 346 young adult twin pairs of the Norwegian Institute of Health Panel, 12% of whom had been invited to take part into the CO(2) study on the basis of self-reported symptoms of anxiety gathered 4-7 years before the provocation challenge. A full model corrected for the partially selective ascertainment showed that the phenotypic correlation between post-CO(2) anxiety and DSM-IV panic was largely due to additive genetic influences, while shared and unique environmental agents concurred to explain a relatively minor proportion of the correlation between these two traits. According to the best-fitting model the genetic correlation between post-CO(2) anxiety and panic was 0.81 (0.50-0.98); a common genetic factor was sufficient to explain the traits' covariation and a further, specific genetic factor was necessary to account for the residual phenotypic variance. The genetic determinants that lead to overreact to a hypercapnic stimulus coincide at a considerable extent with those that influence liability to naturally occurring panic. Environmental factors provide a modest--or no--contribution to the covariation of CO(2)-provoked anxiety with naturally occurring panic.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".