Effect Of Exercise And Carbohydrate Intake On Cytokine Levels In Girls At Various Maturational Stages
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Exercise and carbohydrate (CHO) effects on cytokine changes in men, and to a lesser extent in women, are well described in the literature. However, there is a paucity of data describing such effects in girls. We previously reported differences in cytokine responses to exercise between boys and men, and hypothesized similar age-related differences in females. PURPOSE To determine the effects of high-intensity cycling and CHO intake on cytokine levels in girls. METHODS Thirteen 12-yr-old (YOUNG) and eleven 14-yr-old (OLD) girls participated. The older girls were taller (mean ± SD; 1.63 ± 0.05 vs. 1.57±0.07 m), heavier (58.3 ± 4.8 vs. 45.8 ± 7.8 kg), more advanced in pubertal development (2.9 ± 0.9 vs. 3.8 ± 0.6 for Tanner (T) staging of breast development), and had a higher % body fat (22.9 ± 5.2 vs. 18.1 ± 6.7 %). The two groups were matched for VO2max (51.7 ± 6.2 vs. 50.5 ± 4.3 mL−1 kg fat free mass1' min−1). On two occasions, each girl cycled for 60 min at 70% VO2max while intermittently drinking a 6% CHO drink or flavored water (FW). Venous blood samples were taken at rest (PRE), immediately after exercise (POST) and after 60 min of recovery (REC) to determine interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and TNF-α with R&D ELISA kits, reported as pg/mL. Estradiol levels at rest were also measured with RIA. RESULTS A main effect for exercise indicated higher IL-6 levels at POST and REC compared with PRE. Post-hoc analysis of a group × trial × time interaction indicated that the IL-6 level at REC in FW was higher in OLD (3.9 ± 2.9) compared with YOUNG (1.9 ± 1.1). However, when IL-6 was analyzed according to pubertal status, this interaction disappeared. A main effect for exercise indicated higher IL-8 levels at POST (6.2 ± 3.5) and REC (8.7 ± 4.3) compared with PRE (4.4 ± 1.9) and at REC compared with POST. When IL-8 was analyzed according to pubertal status, a post-hoc analysis of a group × time interaction revealed that IL-8 increased at POST compared with PRE in T3, but not T2 or T4-5. However, REC levels were higher than PRE in T2 and T4-5, but not T3. CHO had more of an impact on the IL-6 than the IL-8 response to exercise. There was no effect of exercise, CHO, age, or pubertal status on TNF-α levels, which remained at ∼1.0 pg/mL. All correlation analyses were performed on values from FW and revealed that resting estradiol levels were not related to REC levels of IL-6 (r=−0.01, p=0.95), but were significantly related to REC IL-8 (r=0.43, p=0.04). CONCLUSION These results indicate a differential response of IL-6 and IL-8 to high-intensity exercise in girls, which may be associated with maturity status. Supported by the Gatorade Sports Science Institute.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".