Morphological deformities occurring in Belarusian chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae) subsequent to the Chernobyl nuclear disaster
Bibliographic record
Abstract
1. Chironomid larvae and adults were collected from several freshwater habitats around the Chernobyl site from 1990 to 1994 (4–8 years after a nuclear accident) and examined for morphological deformities. 2. Deformities were found in larvae of nine of the 13 species collected, and were most obvious in headcapsule structures, particularly the antennae, mentum, mandibles and epipharyngeal pectens. 3. In species of Chironomus, the most abundant genus, there was a positive linear relationship between the incidence of deformity and radiation level. Indices of severity of deformity showed similar trends. It is suggested that these deformities resulted largely from ingestion of irradiated, plant‐derived, fine particulate food. 4. Among adult male Ch. riparius, the deformity index decreased both with increasing time from the accident and with increasing distance from the reactor, although these trends were not statistically significant. There was also a trend of increased severity of deformity closer to the accident, both in time and space. 5. Overall, there was a greater incidence of deformity in the larvae than in the adults (e.g. 60 versus 20%, respectively, at the Krasnoselye site and 33 versus 20%, respectively, at the more distant Dron’ki site). 6. It was not possible to determine whether the deformities were inherited from previous generations or were somatic occurrences in each new generation as a consequence of the radiation that continues to pervade the region.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".