Effect of Additives on Self-Assembling Behavior of Nafion in Aqueous Media
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The dynamic light scattering technique is employed to study the self-assembling behavior of Nafion in dilute aqueous solutions and in water-based mixture solvents. The mixture solvents contain either salt or a small amount of glycerol, which is often necessary for the fabrication of the electrode−membrane assembly. Two kinds of aggregates are found in Nafion aqueous solutions: (1) an intrinsic aggregate (∼150 nm) due to the hydrophobic interaction of fluorocarbon backbone, which is found to be always present in aqueous solutions; (2) a larger, secondary aggregate, which can be suppressed by the addition of salt or a small amount of glycerol. This secondary/higher level aggregation may arise from the electrostatic attraction through the nonionized ion pairs, which are believed to facilitate the formation of large ion clusters and provide the ion connection between the ion clusters. We discuss the structures of Nafion aggregates based on the rodlike microstructure units and propose a microgel-type aggregation model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".