Influence of superimposed ultrasound on deformability of Cu
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effects of superimposed ultrasonic vibration on the plastic deformation of 99.99% pure polycrystalline Cu are studied both during (temporary) and after (residual) the application of ultrasound (US) using deformability measurements acquired from an automated wire bonding machine and microhardness testing. It is found that if ultrasonic irradiation is applied during the deformation of the 100 μm diameter Cu free air balls (FABs) the Cu becomes softer with increasing US power compared to Cu FABs that are deformed without US. When comparing this temporary acoustic softening of Cu to that of Au, it is found that the amount of softening is similar between the two materials. After the US is turned off, a residual acoustic softening remains. This residual softening effect increases with increasing the US power. With residual acoustic softening, a maximum increase of 13% in deformability is measured for Cu during wire bonding compared to a maximum increase of 8% for Au during wire bonding. Stronger residual acoustic softening effects are obtained in Cu than in Au with a maximum decrease in microhardness of 19% and 9%, respectively. Dynamic annealing and dislocation theory are used to explain both the temporary and residual effects of US on the deformation of Cu and Au.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".