Sex‐biased resource allocation in ovo in a sexually size‐dimorphic species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sex‐biased resource allocation in eggs is increasingly recognized as one strategy oviparous mothers can employ to invest differentially in one sex, depending on nutritional requirements. Previous studies have used egg size as an index of nutrient allocation, but few have examined egg contents directly. We used molecular sexing of early‐stage ring‐billed gull Larus delawarensis embryos, a species with sexual size dimorphism, to test whether sex‐specific nutrient allocation occurs in ovo. Despite no sex difference in size, eggs with male embryos contained more albumen, while eggs with female embryos contained more yolk, lipid and non‐lipid (protein and carbohydrate). It is unclear why such sex‐biased resource allocation in ovo is utilized by ring‐billed gulls. However, our data indicate that a cursive examination of egg mass or size may not necessarily reflect nutrient allocation strategies mothers use in ovo, and that sex‐biased investment in ovo may be more widespread than currently appreciated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".