Webcam as a New Invigilation Method: Students' Comfort and Potential for Cheating
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of this descriptive survey study was to determine the comfort of nurse practitioner (NP) students with webcam invigilation of online examinations and the effectiveness of webcam invigilation in preventing students from cheating. An online questionnaire was developed for NP students currently enrolled in Ontario's Primary Health Care Nurse Practitioner program, in which online examinations are invigilated through a webcam. All students were contacted via e-mail and invited to participate in the online questionnaire. The response rate was 77%. Data were collected and analyzed. Results demonstrated that webcam invigilation can be an uncomfortable experience and that cheating on webcam-invigilated examinations is possible. The results will contribute to the scarce literature available on webcam invigilation of online examinations, but research with a larger sample is needed if results are to be generalized to the webcam invigilation process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".