The analysis and compensation of cortical thickness effect on ultrasonic backscatter signals in cancellous bone
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To determine the influence of the overlying cortical shell on ultrasonic backscatter signal in cancellous bone, ultrasonic backscatter simulations were carried out by a three dimensional finite difference time domain method. The simulated signals were obtained for various cortical thickness (CTh) and three central frequencies (1, 2.25, and 3.5 MHz). The integrated reflection coefficient (IRC), integrated transmission coefficient, and apparent integrated backscatter (AIB) were calculated from the signals. The results showed that the IRC oscillated with amplitudes decreasing with increasing CTh and the amplitudes diminished gradually when CTh was over 2.18 mm. The AIB fluctuated and decreased as the CTh increased (R = −0.72 ∼ −0.90, p < 0.05), and the amplitudes were much smaller when the CTh was over 2.18 mm. After removing the multiple reflections in the cortical shell, the corresponding AIB (referred as AIB−c) decreased and the fluctuations were smaller (R = −0.80 ∼ −0.96, p < 0.05). An explicit compensation method for the cortical effect was proposed. No significant correlations were observed between the CTh and the compensated AIB (CAIB: R = −0.19 ∼ 0.26, p > 0.05, and CAIB−c: R = −0.09 ∼ −0.00, p > 0.05, respectively), and the fluctuations in CAIB−c were also reduced. The results demonstrated that the effect of cortical thickness on backscatter signals was removed by the compensation method proposed in this study.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".