Analysis of temporal variation and species-site relationships of witness tree data in southeastern Pennsylvania
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Witness tree species site relationships are described with respect to parent material, soil drainage, and soil surface texture in Lancaster County, southeastern Pennsylvania. Quercus velutina Lam. and Carya were positively associated with "limestone" parent materials and well-drained, loamy sites. Quercus velutina was strongly associated with "acid shale and sandstone" parent materials and well-drained, upland soils. Quercus alba L. was most abundant on parent material classes associated with stream valleys and coves while Qurecus prinus L. and Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. were positively associated with well-drained, rocky sites on "quartzite" parent materials. Procedures were then developed to test for significant changes in witness tree species frequencies over the 100-year period of metes and bounds surveys in Lancaster County. These tests revealed that Quercus coccinea L., Nyssa sylvatica Marsh., and early successional species were surveyed much later than Quercus rubra L., Q. alba, and Carya spp. Agricultural land clearing, cutting for firewood, selective logging, and the charcoal-iron industry all probably contributed these species changes. Overall, abundances of minor species appear to be much more sensitive to these early settlement land uses. Given the extent of metes and bounds surveys, these tests for temporal variations may be applied to witness tree data throughout the eastern United States.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".