Monte Carlo determination of age-dependent steady-state dose to red bone marrow and bone from 14C exposure
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to calculate the age-dependent dose from the beta decay of 14C to marrow and bone on the basis of a steady-state specific-activity model. A model of the trabecular cavity containing spherical fat cells in a square lattice surrounded by haemopoietic tissue was employed. The age-dependent 14C dose to haemopoietic (red) marrow was estimated taking account of the change in the fat cell size with fat fraction. Allowances were made for the change in the percentage cellularity and distribution of active marrow in the whole skeleton as a function of age. Age-dependent changes in trabecular cavity size and bone composition were found to have only a small effect on dose. Dose rates were estimated under steady-state conditions, for food ingested with a 14C specific activity of 1 Bq g(-1) of C. The equivalent dose rate to the haemopoietic tissue of a 20 year-old adult is 77 microSv a(-1), and 39 microSv a(-1) for a 3-month-old infant. Similarly, the equivalent dose rate to the bone surfaces of an adult is 48 microSv a(-1), and 38 microSv a(-1) for an infant. Therefore, the equivalent dose rate to marrow and bone stem cells increases with age under steady state conditions.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it