Russian University Oriental Studies and Sinology in Kazan and Teaching Chinese in the First Kazan Gymnasium (The First Half of the XIX Century)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Formation of the Russian academic and university sinology, institutional stages, tendencies and features of development of oriental studies as educational and scientific discipline – one of the most important theoretical and applied problems. The XIX century demonstrated the main educational, scientific and organizational and research stages of formation and development of university oriental studies and sinology in Russia and Europe. Especially Kazan and St. Petersburg universities were the largest centers of Russian and European orientalism, including sinology of the XIX – the beginning of the XX centuries. In the basis of the Russian oriental studies, including sinology were external and internal political, trade and economic, scientific and cultural relations with countries of the East, major problems of socio-cultural development of the East of Russia and foreign Asia, the European oriental science and education and, in particular, original national research schools and cultures of the Eastern peoples of Russia. Kazan and the Kazan University have played a crucial role in formation and development of education and science about the East. The main aim of this article is to submit the review of development of the Kazan center of Russian university oriental studies, in particular sinology in the first half of the XIX century, the main activities and a contribution of professors and teachers to studying of history and culture of China at imperial Kazan university and teaching Chinese in the First Kazan gymnasium.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".