The Effect Of Acute Vs. Chronic Sodium Citrate Ingestion On 200m Time Trial Swimming Performance.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ingestion of sodium bicarbonate is known to improve anaerobic exercise performance, probably via increased buffering of intracellular acidity. Other buffering agents have been used with some success. Sodium citrate is one such substance and has been used without the normal gastro-intestinal discomfort usually associated with sodium bicarbonate ingestion. However, an ideal ingestion protocol (acute vs. chronic) has yet to determined for swimming. PURPOSE: To determine an ideal sodium citrate ingestion protocol for swimming. METHODS: Seven elite swimmers ingested the daily dose of sodium citrate (0.3g / kg body mass) 1.5hrs before the time trial on the performance day for both acute and chronic treatments. Additionally, for the chronic treatment sodium citrate was ingested each of the 4 days prior to the time trial day. Following a standard warm-up, participants were asked to swim a 200m freestyle time trial. In addition to performance time, measures of blood lactate, heart rate and perceived exertion where recorded at baseline, post warm-up, pre-race and post-race times. Measure of pH was recorded at baseline and pre-race. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in final time between treatments (Acute: 125.4 (SD 7.1) sec, Chronic: 125.8 (SD 7.2) sec, Placebo: 125.7 (SD 8.1) sec, p<0.05). There was a significant increase over time for all treatments in pH (baseline to pre-race), blood lactate (pre-race to post-race), heart rate (pre-race to post-race) and perceived exertion (pre-race to post race). There was no difference between acute, chronic and placebo at the various time points for blood lactate, heart rate and perceived exertion. There was a significant difference in pH level at the pre-race time point. The chronic and acute loading protocols where both different then placebo but where not different to each other (Acute: 7.46 (SD 0.02), Chronic: 7.47 (SD 0.02), Placebo: 7.41 (SD 0.02), p<0.05). CONCLUSION: While both sodium citrate dose protocols altered blood pH they did not have a significant effect on final swim performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".