Degradation of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene by a zero-valent iron permeable reactive barrier
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Zero-valent iron materials may be employed with high contaminant removal efficiency in permeable reactive Barriers (PRBs) for the remediation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater. The basis of this in situ cleanup technology is simple: the groundwater flow passes through the reactive substrate and the chlorinated solvents are converted by means of oxidation-reduction processes to nontoxic hydrocarbons, such as alkanes and alkenes, and chloride ions. Two cast iron aggregates (WSR size 8/50 and Brown size 8/50, from Peerless Powders and Abrasive Inc.) are evaluated in this work as a substrate for a PRB, proposed as remediation technology for a polluted site in which the main contaminants are perchloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE). The zero-valent materials were characterized by means of particle-size analysis, and some batch tests, considering different equilibrating periods, were performed. The used aqueous phase had a chemical composition very similar to the polluted groundwater and it contained PCE and TCE concentrations equal to the maximum values detected in the site (7.52 mg/l of PCE and 6.65 mg/l of TCE). The leaching of metals from the reactive substrates and the effect of dissolved salts on the life of the PRB were also evaluated. The Brown material appeared to be more efficient than the WSR material in TCE degradation and more efficient with TCE compared to PCE, probably because of a competitive effect between the pollutants. No toxic metals were released in the aqueous phase. This study confirmed the efficiency of zero-valent iron materials in the remediation of chlorinated solvents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".