The emergence of transnational “natural commons” strategies in Canada and Latin America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This introduction examines the socio-ecological conflicts and global activism generated by the activities of large-scale extractive industries (mining and oil) in Canada and Latin America through the lenses of five authors: Karyn Keenan; Liisa North and Laura Young; Luis Ángel Saavedra; and Henry Veltmeyer. It argues that although the exploitation of natural resources has been at the heart of the Latin American political economy since the colonial period, this latest chapter of resistance is characterised by the emergence of new rights discourses and transnational strategies which not only reshape the future of Canadian development, but also present a challenge to the current resource regime and its historical dominance in Latin America. Résumé Cet article examine les conflits socio-écologiques et l'activisme global générés par les activités des industries extractives (minières et pétrolières) en Amérique latine et au Canada pendant la dernière décennie à travers les perspectives de cinq auteurs : Karyn Keenan, Liisa North et Laura Young, Luis Ángel Saavedra et Henry Veltmeyer. Cet article fait ressortir que même si l'exploitation des ressources naturelles a toujours fait partie de l'économie politique d'Amérique latine depuis la période coloniale, cette dernière étape de résistance est caractérisée par l'émergence de nouveaux discours sur les droits et les stratégies transnationales qui non seulement remettent en question le futur du développement canadien, mais qui s'opposent au régime actuel et sa dominance historique en Amérique latine.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.014 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".