Abnormalities of renal sodium handling in the metabolic syndrome. Results of the Olivetti Heart Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The mechanisms underlying high blood pressure in the framework of metabolic syndrome (MS) are not clarified: we thus analyzed the relationship of MS and its components to renal tubular sodium handling among participants of the Olivetti Heart Study, an epidemiological investigation of a representative sample of adult white male population in southern Italy. METHODS: Proximal (FPRNa) and distal (FDRNa) fractional sodium reabsorption were estimated by the clearance of exogenous lithium in 702 participants aged 25-75 years examined in 1994-1995. Blood pressure and relevant anthropometric and biochemical variables were also measured. The diagnosis of MS was based on modified National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)-Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria. RESULTS: FPRNa, but not FDRNa, was directly associated with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, diastolic pressure, serum triglyceride and uric acid, independently of age and of antihypertensive treatment. After adjustment for age, FPRNa, but not FDRNa, was significantly greater in individuals with MS, as compared to those without [77.6% (95% confidence interval = 76.7-80.1) versus 74.4% (73.7-75.1), P < 0.001]. A similar difference was observed after the exclusion of participants on current antihypertensive treatment (P = 0.018). In untreated individuals, a significant interaction was observed between obesity and insulin resistance as related to FPRNa (P = 0.002): the highest age-adjusted levels of FPRNa were detected in obese hypertensive and obese insulin-resistant participants. CONCLUSION: In this sample of an adult male population, MS was associated with an increased rate of FPRNa. This finding is relevant to the pathophysiology of MS and possibly to the prevention of its cardiovascular and renal consequences.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".