Recent Development of Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Asthma and Related Disorders
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is well established that airway inflammatory processes are pivotal as the pathological features of asthma. Prominent infiltration of eosinophils and Th2 lymphocytes is a hallmark of the allergic inflammation, and inhaled corticosteroids markedly suppress such inflammatory changes, resulting in clinical beneficial effects. Aerosol delivery of anti-asthma drugs such as corticosteroids is ideal from the standpoint of maximizing local effects in the lung as well as minimizing systemic side effects compared with oral therapy. The 1987 Montreal protocol banned chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) propellant in pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs), which has been replaced with hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) propellant. The aerodynamic diameters of HFA are much smaller than those of CFC, suggesting a greater distribution in peripheral airways. New types of dry powder inhalers (DPIs) and nebulizers, that do not use propellants, also have been introduced. Performance of each drug delivery device depends on a variety of factors including the device type, particle size and distribution, the product formulation and patient-related factors. Therefore, drug delivery can differ even when the same drug is delivered via an HFA pMDI, a CFC pMDI, a DPI or a nebulizer. New and advanced devices can be helpful to maximize the advantages of these modes of drug delivery, and patents of novel invention of inhalation devices are described.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".