Honourable<i>señoras</i>, liminal<i>campesinas</i>and the shameful other: re-defining feminities in Bolivia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
'Whores', 'hookers' and 'prostitutes' are among the many labels used to represent women in the sex industry. As a result, some sex workers develop defence mechanism to cope with this negative labelling. The present study explored the intersecting sources of the 'whore stigma' and its management in the city of Tarija (Bolivia). Work involved the triangulation of (1) an ethnography of sex-related institutions; (2) semi-structured interviews with staff from the sex industry, municipal and health authorities and neighbours who lived close to sex trade establishments; and (3) life narratives of women in sex work and people of the general population conducted over two periods of six months each, in 2001-2002 and 2003. This paper describes the intersectional power differentials (of gender, ethnicity and class) in which 'whore stigma' unfolds in Tarija. It reveals how women in sex work created defence mechanisms to mediate the tension between honour and shame that defined their devalued condition as women, peasants, indigenous persons and sex workers. In conclusion, this article discusses a possible intersectional conceptualisation of the 'whore stigma' within this context and argues for the need for health promotion programmes to engage with these women's coping strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".