Perceptions and foreign policy: A comparative study of Canadian and American policy toward Cuba
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canada and the US have very different approaches toward Fidel Castro's Cuba. The American isolationist approach stands in sharp contrast to Canada's policy of constructive engagement. The author argues that these differences result from divergent perceptions rooted in the identities of the two states. By examining two post‐Cold War issues that captured the attention of the public and officials in the US and Canada, this article illustrates how the different identities and their associated ideas and values translate into unique perceptions, distinct norms and, thus, policies. The article demonstrates that the distinct American and Canadian perceptions of, and reactions to, the Brothers to the Rescue shoot‐down in 1996 relied on long‐held perceptions of Cuba and each country's relationship with the Caribbean state, that were, in turn, rooted in the Canadian and American identities. The author also discusses the Canadian and American responses to speculation in 2002–2003 that Castro's regime has terrorist connections are based on two particular sets of assumptions that are embedded in the two identities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.031 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".