Regulatory B cells are induced in untreated HIV-1 infection and suppress HIV-1 specific T cell responses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Breg), the B cells producing interleukin 10 (IL-10), have been identified in mice and humans. Mouse Breg can suppress innate and T cell responses and are implicated in pathogenesis of some autoimmune diseases and immune evasion of some pathogens. However, the role of Breg in humans is less clear. PBMC and gut biopsy samples were obtained from healthy donors and HIV infected individuals. Flow cytometry and Luminex were used to quantify cytokine production. Flow cytometry were used to analyze Breg's phenotype. Breg were elevated in both peripheral blood and gut tissue of untreated HIV-1 infected individuals and the elevation correlated with viral load in early HIV-1 infection. Breg from HIV-1 infected individuals were CD19 TIM-1 .Anti-retroviral therapy could reduce elevated Breg frequency. Treatment of B cells from healthy donors with microbial translocation products could differentiate them toward a Breg phenotype. Ex vivo Bregs from HIV-1 infected individuals suppressed cytokine production /degranulation of HIV-1 specific T cells that was in part IL-10 dependent. Our findings show that Bregs are induced early in HIV-1 infection, which may play a role in inhibiting effective HIV-1-specific T cell responses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".