Bibliographic record
Abstract
Trenched pipelines subjected to large lateral soil movements were studied to quantify mitigative effects of trench geometry, backfill soil material and strength on the force-displacement behaviour in cohesive soils. Experimental and numerical models show a good agreement in terms of undrained ultimate forces, which are also consistent with design guidelines and previous studies. Undrained lateral pipe resistance factors, are assessed in terms of soil strength and soil weight in uniform soil. A normalised pipe displacement rate characterizes a transition in the lateral resistance from undrained to drained conditions is presented. The presence of a trench backfilled with material weaker than the native soil softens the lateral load-deformation (p-y) response compared to that of the same pipe buried in native soil. An increase in the trench width increases the pipe displacement to peak load. The lateral interaction force is much lower in a pipe with a wider trench than a narrower trench prior to reaching the peak load. The peak load occurs after pipe touches the trench wall and is controlled by the native soil strength. It decreases slightly with increase in the trench width because of upward movement of pipe prior to reaching trench wall. The mitigative effects of trench wall inclination are also demonstrated. A simple approach to determine the p-y response for a trenched pipeline backfilled with material weaker than the native soil is proposed.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".