Porous titanium‐nickel for intervertebral fusion in a sheep model: Part 2. Surface analysis and nickel release assessment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Porous titanium-nickel (PTN) devices represent an alternative to traditional cage implants. PTN materials possess an interconnecting network of pores with capillarity properties that may promote bone ingrowth, long-term fixation, and intervertebral fusion without the need for bone grafting. However, their considerable surface area and nickel content may elicit concerns over sensitization potential. Therefore, PTN surface corrosion and nickel release resistance must be carefully studied. To evaluate this possibility, a PTN interbody fusion device (IFD) was compared to a conventional nonporous cage made of TiAlV, a well-known biocompatible biomaterial, in a sheep model. PTN and TiAlV IFDs were inserted at two non-contiguous lumbar sites for 3, 6, and 12 months postsurgery. Their surface was then evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with backscattered electron analysis (BSE). No evidence of surface corrosion was observed either pre- or postimplantation, regardless of device type. Dosage of nickel ions was also performed with the use of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Blood nickel levels were observed to be within acceptable levels at all postinstrumentation times. Nickel content in PTN-adjacent tissue, as well as in detoxification and remote organs, was equivalent both in PTN-treated and control sheep. Therefore, porous titanium-nickel demonstrated resistance to both in vivo surface corrosion and nickel ion release and compared very well with a conventional titanium implant in the course of a 12-month sheep study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".