Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Pharmacotherapy of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is mainly restricted to insulin treatment. Insulin analogues have replaced human insulin sometimes without reason. A broader approach is needed. AREAS COVERED: Insulin and insulin analogues, but also other available hormone therapies and drugs, based on literature in PubMed are included in this study. EXPERT OPINION: At diagnosis, T1D patients should, when resources allow, participate in clinical trials aiming at preservation of beta cell function, for example, with combination therapies involving auto-antigen/s. In very young children insulin pump is recommended, when enough resources for ALL patients; in older patients pump or multiple insulin therapy is recommended. Human insulin still has a place, with insulin analogues on special indications. Patients with pronounced insulin resistance might need Metformin, and Glitazones need more studies. Incretins, for example, GLP-1 may be of interest in patients with residual C-peptide. Amylin will probably be restricted to highly motivated patients. IGF-1 also requires more studies. C-peptide may be a hormone, probably part of future treatment. Glucosoxidase inhibitors might be considered in obese patients. Whether drugs increasing glucosuria will be of clinical value in T1D remains to be shown. In summary, insulin replacement is not enough for several patients. A broader pharmacotherapy is needed, at onset, and later when metabolic control needs improvement.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".