Bibliographic record
Abstract
Global LNG trade is expected to more than double to more than 725 Mtpa by 2020. Some of the new projects will be developed with floating LNG (FLNG) technologies, perhaps even with a full floating LNG chain: FPSO for LNG production in the field, offshore LNG transfer to shuttle tankers, and floating receiving terminal that leads to the eventual gas distribution grid. There are already many floating LNG receiving terminals operating successfully in the world. Now that construction has started on the Shell Prelude FLNG, floating LNG chain will finally be completed in 2016. Undoubtedly, more projects will follow. The economics of floating LNG is too compelling. Major cost savings can be achieved by: eliminating well head/production platform(s); processing platform to facilitate gas treating, liquids recovery and stabilization; FSO for condensate and NGL; gas compressor and pipeline to an LNG plant onshore; with a FLNG system located in the field. There are also the intangible cost savings such as efficiency gains by constructing the entire system in a ship yard, material and manpower logistics, and shorter project duration. Many technologies have combined to make floating LNG chain a reality. Reliable subsea well and control systems have mitigated the risks of well operations. Proven glycol (MEG) and other regenerative hydrate management systems have allowed longer tie-back distance. Cost-effective mooring systems for large FPSO, flexible flowlines and catenary risers have enable floating system of FLNG size to be considered seriously. However, it is the advances in floating LNG technologies that have evolved over the past 25 years that finally tipped the risk-reward equation. Technologies such as offshore ship-to-ship transfer, motion tolerant processing and rotating equipment, LNG spill and gas safety, and deepwater cooling have matured to an acceptable stage. This paper will present the economic drivers that make FLNG chain attractive to producers and buyers alike, and the many conventional production technologies and those unique to FLNG that combined to enable a FLNG chain to be developed in confidence. FLNG chain should be of especial interest to Southeast Asia which benefit both as a producer and a consumer of LNG.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".